The second year of the Nephrology Fellowship is designed to meet the career objectives of the resident. For those with an interest in research, up to 6 months of time can be devoted to either clinical research or bench research as appropriate for the Trainee. The Kidney Clinical Research Unit is a wonderful new initiative which has provided the residents with excellent opportunities to participate in research projects. An additional six months of clinical electives are offered, including community nephrology, paediatric nephrology, and renal pathology. Each of these rotations has specific goals and objectives in the CanMeds Format. The maximum elective time outside our Institution is four months. Throughout both years of training, the Nephrology Trainees are expected to perform all kidney biopsies and all temporary dialysis catheter insertions under the supervision of staff Nephrologist. The Trainees are also given the opportunity to learn about the insertion of permanent hemodialysis catheters, as well as the insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters.